Concussions In the NFL

Blackouts in the NFL have gotten considerably more common, and the impacts of these blackouts seem to have gotten progressively extreme, as this is an immediate aftereffect of the advancement of player preparing frameworks. Over the previous decade there has been immense upgrades made in the preparation gear and strategies used to prepare NFL players. This has definitely brought about players getting a lot more grounded, quicker, and greater. Over a similar timeframe blackouts have likewise deliberately turned out to be increasingly visit as well.This has driven numerous individuals to accept that there is some sort of connection between the enhancements in player preparing and the expansion of blackouts throughout a NFL season. The focal point of the principal passage of this exposition will be on the general increment of solidarity and size of players and how this identifies with blackouts. The subsequent section will concentrate on the measure of season and profession finishing bl ackout that have happened this last season restricted to the sum before it.The third passage will concentrate on the examinations, which have been led on past players that have demonstrated they have a type of cerebrum harm, which has come about because of football related movement. The general quality and size increment is generally clear in all out attack mode and guarded lines. Consider this in the mid 1970’s Randy white featured at cautious tackle for the Dallas Cowboys. White weighed 257 pounds, he arranged opposite focuses weighing 240 or 250 pounds and watches who were viewed as immense on the off chance that they weighed 265.Last year's Super Bowl highlighted guarded handles B.J. Raji who weighs 337 pounds and Casey Hampton who weighs 330 pounds versus monitors Chris Kemoeatu who weighs 344 pounds and Josh Sitton who weighs 318 pounds. To place it in context Randy White who played Defensive Tackle and weighed 257 pounds weighs right around 20 pounds not as much as Bal timore Ravens newbie outside linebacker Courtney Upshaw who tips the scales at an astounding 271 pounds. Upshaw is likewise a lot quicker than White was. This is a prime case of how players have expanded in size and quality throughout the years, and have gotten increasingly compelling in there positions.Which implies that players at specific positions will have programs explicitly intended for them to get greater and more grounded. In any case, players have not quite recently gotten greater they have likewise gotten quicker. This expansion in weight, in general quality, and speed is plainly a consequence of the advancements that have been throughout the years in player preparing frameworks. With players looking more like cutting edge Roman Gladiators than football players, there is no big surprise why blackouts have been happening all the more as often as possible. Over the previous decade there has been an extreme increment in recorded blackouts through the span of a whole NFL seas on including practice.From pre-season week 1 of the 2011-12 of the NFL season until week 17 normal season 2011-12 there was 167 blackouts 12 of those brought about players being set on IR (Injured Reserve) which implies they are inert for the whole (season finishing). Over precisely the same timeframe in the 2007-08 season there were just 115 recorded blackouts and just 4 of those brought about Players being put on the IR. That is a 48% expansion in all out blackouts and 33% in season finishing blackouts, in only 4 seasons.So one can just envision the increment that you would see from the mid 1990’s to now, on the off chance that blackouts were recorded as completely, at that point as they are currently. This expansion in blackouts over such a brief timeframe is an immediate consequence of player preparing frameworks, on the grounds that in 2008 most NFL groups ran 5 2 daily practices for each week in preparing camps, which just included 3 2 hour weight instructional courses. Yet, making a beeline for 2011-12 season most groups were running 5 2 daily practices and 1 3 daily practices, and most of those camps ran 4 3 hour weight preparing sessions.There have been a few examinations led on cerebrums of ex-NFL players the latest of those players is Junior Seau. Seau ended it all on May, 2, 2012 following an extensive multi year NFL profession. Junior Seau experienced ceaseless awful encephalopathy CTE, which is accepted to have been halfway actuated by all the hits to the head that he has taken. Junior began demonstrating manifestations of CTE at the finish of the 2007-08 season these indications incorporate impulsivity, carelessness, gloom, and some of the time self-destructive ideation.The timeframe in which Seau’s family said he began giving indications of CTE is fortuitously a similar timeframe that NFL groups began to expand the length of training and molding works out. Over the span of Seau’s multi year playing vocation he played at any rate 13 games in each season up until the 2004-05 season and up until his retirement after the 2008-09 season he just dealt with a measly normal of 8 games for every season. He endured 3 undocumented blackouts as indicated by his family and 2 progressively archived ones over a similar time period.Junior isn't the main ex-NFL player to be analyzed, more than 30 NFL players have lately been determined to have CTE, a condition once known as â€Å"punch drunk† in light of the fact that it influenced fighters who had taken various hits to the head. The expansion of player’s size and quality in the NFL lately has an immediate connection with the expansion in blackouts. This clear by the 48% expansion in absolute blackouts since the 2007-08 season, and the 33% expansion in season finishing concussions.The realities that Junior Seau was practically blackout free his whole profession, which traversed 19 years up until the 2004-05 NFL season. Regardless of the advances in clini cal sciences and defensive player gear, it is sufficiently not to shield these mammoth NFL players from concussing each other. The first of two artistic gadgets that I utilized was an analogy â€Å"With players looking more like advanced Roman Gladiators than football players† This sentence recommends current NFL players display huge numbers of similar characteristics that Roman Gladiators once exhibited.This sentence underpins my contention on the grounds that; the expansion in player preparing advances has basically transformed players into warriors. The second scholarly gadget that I utilized was Irony â€Å"he began giving indications of CTE is unintentionally a similar timeframe that NFL groups began to expand the length of practice† this is unexpected in light of the fact that it's anything but an occurrence at all there is plainly an immediate relationship between's length of molding/weight preparing activities and measure of continued blackouts. Blackouts In the NFL Blackouts in the NFL have gotten significantly more predominant, and the impacts of these blackouts seem to have gotten increasingly extreme, as this is an immediate aftereffect of the improvement of player preparing frameworks. Over the previous decade there has been immense upgrades made in the preparation hardware and strategies used to prepare NFL players. This has definitely brought about players getting a lot more grounded, quicker, and greater. Over a similar timeframe blackouts have additionally methodicallly turned out to be increasingly visit as well.This has driven numerous individuals to accept that there is some sort of connection between the enhancements in player preparing and the expansion of blackouts throughout a NFL season. The focal point of the principal passage of this article will be on the general increment of solidarity and size of players and how this identifies with blackouts. The subsequent passage will concentrate on the measure of season and vocation fin ishing blackout that have happened this last season restricted to the sum before it. The third section will concentrate on the investigations, which have been led on past players that have indicated they have a type of mind harm, which has come about because of football related activity.The generally quality and size increment is generally clear in all out attack mode and guarded lines. Consider this in the mid 1970’s Randy white featured at cautious tackle for the Dallas Cowboys. White weighed 257 pounds, he arranged opposite focuses weighing 240 or 250 pounds and watches who were viewed as immense in the event that they weighed 265. A year ago's Super Bowl highlighted guarded handles B.J. Raji who weighs 337 pounds and Casey Hampton who weighs 330 pounds versus watches Chris Kemoeatu who weighs 344 pounds and Josh Sitton who weighs 318 pounds. To place it in context Randy White who played Defensive Tackle and weighed 257 pounds weighs just about 20 pounds not as much as Bal timore Ravens freshman outside linebacker Courtney Upshaw who tips the scales at an astounding 271 pounds. Upshaw is additionally a lot quicker than White was.This is a prime case of how players have expanded in size and quality throughout the years, and have gotten progressively viable in there positions. Which implies that players at specific positions will have programs explicitly intended for them to get greater and more grounded. However, players have not quite recently gotten biggerâ they have additionally gotten quicker. This expansion in weight, generally speaking quality, and speed is plainly an aftereffect of the advancements that have been throughout the years in player preparing frameworks. With players looking more like current Roman Gladiators than football players, there is no big surprise why blackouts have been happening more frequently.Over the previous decade there has been an uncommon increment in recorded blackouts through the span of a whole NFL season includi ng practice. From pre-season week 1 of the 2011-12 of the NFL season until week 17 customary season 2011-12 there was 167 blackouts 12 of those brought about players being set on IR (Injured Reserve) which implies they are inert for the whole (season finishing). Over precisely the same timeframe in the 2007-08 season there were just 115 archived blackouts and just 4 of those brought about Players being set on the IR.That is a 48% expansion in all out blackouts and 33% in season finishing blackouts, in only 4 seasons. So one can just envision the expansion that you would see from the mid 1990’s to now, if concussi

Why does science matter to a democratic society Essay

For what reason does science make a difference to a law based society - Essay Example Right off the bat, this type of discipline is a defensive measure. For the wellbeing of the prisoners and others in the office, there is have to disconnect individuals who are a danger to human life. In this way, when an individual is confined from different prisoners, the inmates’ security isn't endangered. Likewise, a few detainees will in general have a contention with a solitary prisoner. This might be because of individual feelings of resentment and misconception. In this way, for the wellbeing of such an individual, isolation is a reasonable methodology. Besides, this sort of discipline is utilized to restrict any unlawful or crimes. For example, a few detainees have correspondence roads while in the jail. This correspondence is vital as it encourages crimes inside the office. In some odd cases, prisoners encourage crimes outside the office. At the point when the prisoners are noted to encourage such exercises, they are secluded from different detainees. Clearly, this is a judicious way to deal with the circumstance. As a reality, different prisoners won't be pressured into joining the groups of hoodlums. Thirdly, isolation is successful when the individuals in control are on a self destruction watch. It is noticed that a few people show self-destructive conduct. For example, Evan shot himself twice while waiting on the post trial process (Zennie 1). Thus, the detainee can submit murder before ending it all. To prove such conduct, the prisoner is disconnected from different detainees. This may spare the life of the prisoner, as there will be a closer core interest. In spite of the fact that a few people are on the side of isolation, a few people think that its improper. For example, in the Daily Mail article, there are claims that isolation may have influenced the conduct of attorney’s child. Initially, it is expressed that individuals need a public activity. This is the place individuals communicate with others, make companions,

Facebook Stalkers

Gabriel Montelongo Mr. Segura English 1301. 001 18, February 2013 The Book of All Evil There is no denying that long range interpersonal communication is at its best. With more than 1 billion clients, Facebook has driven itself into part of regular daily existences. Be that as it may, Facebook isn’t all blossoms and butterflies. A site that stalkers use to take one off to whoever they tail, ought not be seen as something worth being thankful for. Neither should it be viewed as something to be thankful for when an undergrad attempts to compose his paper, and continues getting diverted by notifications.Facebook is an apparatus utilized for following, dependence, yet to top it all off, dawdling. One of the most terrifying thing about Facebook is the stalkers. Facebook has made following simpler with the utilization of one of its highlights called â€Å"Lists†. Essentially what this component does is it permits the client to single out anybody in the companions rundown, and tail anybody that has been included. The stalker can even single out what sort of updates an individual has, for example, photographs, posts, and ongoing areas visited.People that utilization Facebook should mull over what they share with the world. On the splendid side, Facebook allows the capacity to square stalkers, yet it is rendered futile if the stalker chooses to counterfeit another record. On the off chance that anybody out there has an enthusiasm for following, Facebook would be the primary spot they would look. At the point when unbalanced, socially-lacking, cavern tenants need to make companions, they use Facebook. They continue to include truly, young ladies, with the expectation that they persuade an opportunity to be with them.However, that never occurs, so these individuals at that point become irate and preposterous. This is the way stalkers will in general structure over Facebook. These stalkers at that point continue to follow their rejecters, and afterward end up in frightening stalker stories. This happens pretty much consistently on Facebook, genuinely. Interpersonal interaction has gotten so normal, that very few consider how they are being controlled. Facebook has this power over individuals, utilizing something many refer to as â€Å"notifications†.People post reports on their page, and on the off chance that individuals think it’s cool, at that point it’ll get â€Å"likes†. Notices are then sent to the individual disclosing to them that somebody loved their update. That in that spot urges the client to post more updates. The more likes that individuals get, the more it makes them need to refresh their status. This is the means by which it keeps its clients; through creation them feel that individuals really care about what they are stating. Facebook figures out how to keep its clients through a shrewd, however wicked design.Though generally perceived as a spot for companions, Facebook is progressively simil ar to a spreading of illness. Through naughty plan and control, Facebook can really cause compulsion. A prize arrangement of notices and likes can cause an individual to feel like something was practiced through something as straightforward as a notice. This achieving feeling cause the reluctant Facebook clients to feel acknowledged through having their statuses â€Å"liked†, and will attempt to restore themselves looking for that equivalent feeling.Facebook compulsion is presently being perceived as a real dependence, and will before long wind up in future brain science books. Not exclusively is Facebook flawlessly intended for stalkers, yet in addition to occupy understudies from completing schoolwork. Facebook has a billion or more clients, a greater part of which are youngsters and youthful grown-ups. Diverting a child couldn’t be simpler with Facebook. Give a pre-high schooler a site brimming with companions, and that pre-adolescent could be on it for hours.The sa me impact occurs with youthful undergrads; just the understudy realizes that he has a paper due Wednesday. Said understudy will at that point continue to compose the paper, just to get occupied by companions on Facebook. It is a terrible inclination when understudies realize that very little time is left, and start to loathe themselves for delaying. A shrewd that each youngster nowadays needs to manage, each day of their lives. Facebook is a revile; one that devastates us from within out.Never mind the way that very nearly one in each five separations have been Facebook related, it makes stalkers that could in the long run develop into sequential executioners. Facebook breeds compulsion and controls our as of now spoiled society. It has understudies believing that they may be on for five minutes, which at that point turns into 60 minutes. Facebook is itself a difficult that causes considerably more issues. An issue that’s setting down deep roots until another mingling site co mes and dominates, and causes significantly more issues.

Study On The Determination Of Exchange Rates Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

It is a theory which says that exchange rates between currencies are in stable position when their purchasing power is the similar in each of the two countries. This means that the exchange rate between two countries should equal the ratio of the two countries price level of a fixed level of goods and services. When a countrys domestic price level is increasing (i.e., a country experiences inflation), that countrys exchange rate must depreciated in order to return to PPP. There are two versions to Purchasing power parity (PPP) and has been called as Absolute PPP This concept explains about the exchange rate between two countries will be identical to the ratio of the price levels for those two countries. This concept is derived from a basic idea known as the law of one price, which states that the real price of a good must be the same across all countries. Relative PPP: Relative PPP refers to rates of changes of price levels, that is, inflation rates. This proposition states that the rate of appreciation of a currency is equal to the difference in inflation rates between the foreign and the home country. The  balance of payments approach  (BOP) Under the BOP approach, the home price of a foreign currency is determined just like the price of any commodity. The price is determined by connecting the market demand and supply curves for that foreign currency. Demand and supply for foreign exchange is determined by the flows of currency created by international dealings. According to the BOP theory of exchange rates, the supply and demand for a currency arise from the flows related to the BOP such as Foreign direct investments Exchange rate regimes Portfolio investment etc Equilibrium exchange rates are determined when the BOP is in equilibrium. Exchange rates will move in response to a BOP imbalance and, therefore, will restore the equilibrium to the BOP. Asset Market Approach It argues exchange rates are determined by the supply and demand from a wide range of financial assets: Movements in the supply and demand for financial assets revise exchange rates. Movements in monetary and fiscal policy revise the expected returns and perceived relative risks of financial assets, which in turn alter exchange rates. The  asset market approach  assumes that whether foreign investors are willing to hold claims in monetary form depends on an widespread set of investment consideration or drivers such as Relative real interest rates Prospects for economic growth Capital market liquidity Political safety Corporate governance practices Speculation Theories of Fund Flow Funds flow is defined as the net of all cash inflows and outflows coming in and going out of  various financial assets. Fund flow is usually measured on a monthly or quarterly or on a periodic basis.  The performance of an asset or fund is not taken into account, only share redemptions (outflows) and share purchases (inflows).   Net inflows create excess cash for managers to invest, which theoretically creates demand for securities such as stocks and bonds.  Ãƒâ€š Law of one price The theory that the price of a given security, commodity or asset will have the same price when exchange rates are taken into consideration. The law of one price is another way of stating the concept of purchasing power parity. The law of one price exists due to arbitrage opportunities. If the price of a security, commodity or asset is different in two different markets, then an arbitrageur will purchase  the asset in the cheaper market and sell it where prices are higher. When the purchasing power parity doesnt hold, arbitrage profits will persist until the price converges across markets. The spot exchange rate is the price that is quote for immediate (spot) arrangement (payment and delivery). Spot settlement is usually considered to be a couplar of business days from deal date. The spot exchange rate is normally close to the current market rate because the  transaction  occurs immediately and not some time in the future. The forward exchange rates it the rate where contract price are set now but the delivery and payment will occur at a future date. Forward Spread is the price difference between the forward price of the security and spot price of the same security over a same period of time. Forward Spread can be calculated by taking the spot price today and forward price one month from today. Pounds to Dollars Appendix A Dollars to Pounds Appendix B From the above graph (with reference to appendix A ) we can see the time series of the pound versus the dollar and vice versa. In January 2010 it was ( £0.6187 = 1US Dollar) but in February 2010 it was ( £0.6645= 1US Dollar), from this we can see the Dollar has appreciated by ({0.6645-0.6187} ÃÆ'Æ’-0.6187) = 0.07%%. And then for the next 4 months the pound rate has been fluctuating since September 2010. Appreciation of Pound The main reason for appreciation of any currency would be higher interest rates and lower inflation. If interest rates high then more investors invest in UK so it makes it more attractive to save money in the UK banks and UK financial securities like bonds. This will lead to increased demand for the sterling. If inflation is lower then it will make UK goods more attractive then US and hence the demand goes up. Depreciation of Pound Pound depreciates because of interest rate may go down and inflation go high making it investors a least return for their investments. . Other market factors also contribute for a currency to appreciate or depreciate as well. If there is demand for a particular currency then the currency will appreciate. Market Reasons for Pound to depreciate in the last six months: Low number of mortgage approvals and mortgage lending and consumer credit rose. Concerns about a tepid economic recovery, high public debt and political uncertainty. Sentiment has also deteriorated in the last week after the Bank of England said it stood ready to return to its asset-buying scheme if economic conditions warranted (Reporting by Naomi Tajitsu; editing by Stephen Nisbet) Foreign Exchange Risk Exposure Foreign exchange risk is the risk that domestic values of assets, liabilities or operating income may increase or decreases due to surprising changes in exchange rates. Foreign currency exposures risk arises when a company has an income or expenditure or an asset or liability in a currency other than that of the balance sheet currency. When the exchange rate movements become completely volatile it may sometimes destabilize the cash flows of the business. Such destabilization of cash flows that which affect the profitability of the business is the risk from foreign currency exposures. Classification of Exposures Transaction exposures Translation exposures Economic exposures Transaction Exposure Transaction exposure  is the gain or loss that might incurred on the settlement of foreign exchange transaction. Transaction included such as the sale / purchase of product or services lending or borrowing of money or any Other transaction involving mergers and acquisitions. Example: The US firm loan of 10M US dollars at a rate of .65 today and the time of repayment of loan when the rate goes down to .59.Then the profitability of the transaction may be completely wiped out due to the adverse movement of the exchange rate.. Such transaction exposures arise whenever business has foreign currency denominated in receipt and payment. Translation Exposure (Accounting Exposures) Translation exposure is defined as an increase or decrease in the parent companys net worth caused by a change in exchange rates since last translation. Translation exposure arises because of the need to translate foreign currency assets or liabilities into the home currency for the purpose of finalizing the accounts for any given period. A typical example of translation exposure is the treatment of foreign currency borrowings. For Example Consider that a UK company has borrowed dollars to finance the import of capital goods worth $1, 00,000. When the import materializes the exchange rate was say .65 per dollar. The fixed asset imported was therefore capitalized in the company books for  £65,000. If there is no change in the exchange rate the company would have provided depreciation on the asset valued at  £65,000 for finalizing its accounts for the year in which the asset was purchased. If at the time of finalization of the accounts the exchange rate has moved to say  £.70 per dollar, the dollar loan has to be translated involving translation loss of  £5,000. The book value of the asset thus becomes  £70,000 and consequently higher depreciation has to be provided thus reducing the net profit.   Economic Exposure Economic exposure expresses the extent to which the value of the firm would be affected by unexpected changes in exchange rates. Economic Exposure to an exchange rate is the risk that a change in the exchange rate affects the companys competitive position in the market. Economic exposure affects the profitability over a longer term span than transaction and even translation exposure. Economic exposure cannot be hedged as well. Ways to overcome Exposure: Hedging via lead and lag:   One way of reducing transaction exposure is leading and lagging foreign currency receipts and payments. To lead means to pay or collect early, where as lag means to pay or collect late. The firm would like to lead soft currency receivables and lag hard currency receivables to avoid the loss from depreciation of the soft currency and benefit from the appreciation of the hard currency. For the same reason, the firm will attempt to lead the hard currency payables and lag soft currency payables. To the extent that the firm can effectively implement the Lead/Lag strategy, the transaction exposure the firm faces can be reduced. Invoicing in the Local Currency The firm can reduce the exchange risk by choosing the currency of invoice. Firm can avoid exchange rate risk by invoicing in domestic currency, there by shifting exchange rate risk on to buyer. Because of this act firm may lose its customers who wants them to be invoice in their local currency. Forwards A forward contract is an agreement between two entities to buy or sell the underlying asset at a future date, at todays pre-agreed price. This is one most direct method of eliminating transaction exposure is to hedge the risk with a forward exchange contract. For example, The loan of 10M by US firm to UK Company can eliminate the foreign exposure by depositing 10M to its bank at 1 yr forward rate. No matter what happens to the exchange rate over the period, the company will not make a loss on the loan to UK Company. Futures: Currency and Interest Rates A futures contract is an arrangement between two parties to buy or sell the underlying asset at a future date at todays future price. Futures contracts differ from forward contracts in the sense that they are standardized and exchange traded. The ultimate goal of an investor in using futures contracts is to  hedge perfectly to avoid their risk. By locking the prices at appropriate rate it removes the uncertainty about the future price. The value (F) of a futures contract is the existing spot price (S) multiplied by one plus the interest rate over period (t), plus the cost of storage which is a function of time and the current spot price. Interest rate futures are the largely traded futures contracts in the world. They are based on relative interest rates and are used to hedge interest rate exposure. The value of an interest rate contract at maturity (V) is the notional principal value of the contract (N) multiplied by the spot interest rate on the maturity date of the contract (Si,t+n) minus the futures rate on interest (i) at time (t) that matures (n) periods later (Fi,t,n). Swaps An interest rate swap is a that transfors fixed payments into variable obligations or vice versa. Foreign exchange swaps allow a firm to quickly restructure its balance sheet, by giving it the opportunity to exchange fixed obligations for interest-sensitive obligations (or vice versa). A  currency swap  is an agreement between two parties to exchange the principal loan amount and interest applicable on it in one currency with the principal and interest payments on an equal loan  in another currency. These contracts are valid for a specific period, which could range up to ten years, and are typically used to exchange fixed-rate interest payments for floating-rate payments  on dates specified by the two parties. Interest Rate Swaps One party pays a fixed rate of interest; the other pays a floating rate of interest. The fixed interest payment remains unchanged throughout the life of the deal. It is paid annually, semi-annually or quarterly in arrears. The floating interest is paid on a three or six monthly basis. Because it is reset using the relevant Libor rate it will vary depending on short term interest rates. It too is paid in arrears. Different Types of Foreign Currency Options: A currency option is same as the stock option except that the underlying asset is foreign exchange. The buyer of option has the right but no obligation to enter into a contract with the seller. Hence the buyer of a currency option has the right to his advantage to enter into the specified contracts. American Option: An American option provides the buyer the right to exercise the option at any time between the date of writing and the maturity date. An option contract which is exercised at any time between the date of purchase and the expiration date European option A European option can be exercised only on the expiration date and not before. Options There are two types of options calls and puts. Call Options give the buyer the right but not the obligation to buy a given quantity of the underlying asset, at a given price on or before a given future date. A  call option will have intrinsic value only when the spot price is above strike price Put Options give the buyer the right, but not the obligation to sell a given quantity of the underlying asset at a given price on or before a given date. A Put option will have intrinsic value only when the spot price is below the strike price. Deep in the money option: An option with an exercise price, or strike price considerably below (for a call option) or above (for a put option) the market price of the underlying asset. Considerably, below/above is considered one strike price below/above the market price of the underlying asset.   When Call Options expires in the Money Option, then the Money call options will be automatically  exercise if there is enough funds to buy the underlying stocks at the strike price you bought the call options. If there is enough money in the trading account to buy (take delivery of) the underlying stock, then it should be sold and take profit before the call options expires. It is arguable the same that some one could exercise the in the money call options, take delivery of the underlying stock and then immediately sell the stocks or can make same profit by simply selling the options and the cost involved will be more in the case of exercise, buying and selling of the stocks. For example , if the current price of the underlying stock of A Ltd was  £50, a call option with a strike price of  £40 would be considered deep in the money. On the exercise of the option the holder can gain a profit of  £10 pounds. Reasons why options with different expiration date are traded at different premiums. Purchase of option can limit the exposure risk. The option writer always accepts the risk which purchaser avoids. The writer therefore needs to be paid in compensation. The cost of an option to a purchaser is known as the option premium. Option price is made up of intrinsic value and time premium. The intrinsic value is calculated on the assumption it expires today. Time premium depends on the difference between todays date and expiry date. The longer the expiry dates the higher the premium. Time value is equal to the total premium less the intrinsic value. Time value also called as the extrinsic value. It reflects the amount of money buyers are willing to pay in expectation that an option will be worth exercising at or before expiration Holding a longer expiration options gives an edge over the option holder who holds the short expiration date. Longer option holder will have longer time span to track the currency movement and can exercise them when it is the most be neficial to him. Choice of call or put option to British exporter. The GBP is depreciating against US$: For example: $1.7 =  £1 or  £0.70 = $1 ( For simple reason assume round figures) Now $1.4=  £1 or  £0.80 = $1 The above said figures suggest that the Pounds is depreciating against the US$ or in other words the US$ is appreciating against the Pound. This indicates that the GBP is getting cheaper against US$. If this situation could be handled properly then it will be beneficial to both importer and exporter. The assumption is that the British exporter sells goods to a US based customer and the US customer pays in the US$; and rarely the British exporter has to convert the US$ receipt in to the GBP. If the GBP depreciates against the US$, it is considered to be a favourable movement for the British exporter as he gets more GBPs. For example, if the customer owes him $10,000 when $1.7= £1. And forward rate is used, at the time when payment will be due, is $1.4 = £1. Therefore the receipt in the GBP is: Previously: $10 ,000/$1.7 =  £5883.23 If the GBP depreciates: $10,000/ $1.4 =  £7142.857 Hence it can be seen from the above figures that depreciation of the GBP is actually beneficial to the British exporter. Instead the risk that the exporter faces is the GBP appreciation against the US$. Lets assume that the forward rate is $1.9 =  £1. In that situation the GBP receipt will be as follows. Previously: $10,000/$1.7 =  £66,667 If the GBP appreciates: $10,000/$1.9 =  £5263.158 Exporter may wish to hedge against risk of the GBP being appreciates against the US$. The currency options are one of the hedging instruments available to the exporter. Provided that the GBP is to appreciates against the US$ and exporter occasionally receives the payment in the US$, he may wish to buy the Put options for the US$. He may buy put option to sell the US$ to option writer at $1.7: £1 or  £0.70:$1. So, in the future if the GBP depreciates and price becomes $1.4: £1 or  £0.80:$1 then he will abandon the option or let the option expire The other possibility is that the exporter may want to use the options for speculation purposes. If it is probable that the GBP is to depreciate against the US$, he may wish to buy the call options of the US$. The call option will give him the right to buy the currency at specified rate, which in our case is  £0.70:$1. Eventually when the GBP will depreciate to  £0.80:$1 he can exercise his option and buy the currency for  £0.70:$1 and sell it for  £0.80:$1. This will earn him handsome profit of  £0.10 per US$. REFERENCES USED ACCA TEXT BOOKS CIMA TEXT BOOKS INTERNET ESPECIALLY WEBSITES LECTURE HANDOUTS POUNDS2DOLLARS WEBSITE INVESTOPEDIA,WICKEDPEDIA CFA FINANCIAL ANALYSIST BOOKS LIBRARY RESEARCH INCLUDES GOING THROUGH VARIOUS BOOKS WRITTEN BY VARIOUS AUTHORS PRESS RELEASES AND JOURNAL RELEASES Bodie, Zvi; Kane, Alex; and Marcus, Alan J. (2002) Investments, 5th edition, publishe d by McGraw-Hill. Bodnar, Gordon M. and Wong, M.H. Franco (2000), Estimating rate exposures: some weighty issues. Working Paper 7497, National Bureau of Economic Research. Choi, Jongmoo Jay, and Prasad, Anita Mehra, (1995) Exchange risk sensitivity and its determinants: A firm and industry analysis of U.S. Multinationals, Financial Management, Vol 24, No 3, p. 77-88. Eiteman, David K., Stonehill, Arthur I., and Moffett, Michael H. (2001) Multinational Business Finance 9th edition, published by Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Jorion, Philippe. (1990) The exchange-rate exposure of U.S. multinationals, Journal of Business, Vol. 63 Issue 3, p.331 Levich, Richard M. (2001) International Financial Markets, 2nd edition, published by McGraw-Hill. Miller, Kent D. and Reuer, Jeffery J. (1998) Firm Strategy and Economic Exposure to Foreign Exchange Rate Movements, Journal of International Business Studies, 29, 2, (Third Quarter), 493-514. Pantzalis, Christos, Simkins, Betty J ., and Laux, Paul A. (2001) Operational Hedges and the Foreign Exchange Exposure of U.S. Multinational Corporations, Journal of International Business Studies, 32, 4, p. 793-812. Solnik, Bruno, (2000) International Investments 4th edition Published by Addison-Wesley Copyright Addison Wesley Longman WEBSITES USED WWW.SCRIBD.COM https://en.allexperts.com/q/Management-Consulting-2802/2009/10/International-Financial-Management.htm https://www.wendyjeffus.com/images/Foreign_Exchange_Instruments%2C_Measuring_and_Managing_Foreign_Exchange_Exposure.doc

Case Study of Boots Plc Essay - 1168 Words

Case Study of Boots Plc Boots Plc have various kinds of stakeholders in their business who do various kinds of jobs suitable for which group there are in. Like any other Plc their stakeholders at least have a say in the business depending their role. E.g. shareholders have a bigger say than the employees who have very little say in the business. Boots Plc have the following external stakeholders in their businesses that play different roles between them are: - Ø Pressure Groups Ø Local Community Ø Government Ø Financers (Banks/Creditors) Ø Suppliers Ø Customers Although they have external stakeholders in their business the must have internal stakeholders for them†¦show more content†¦This shows that they have power and are important for the business. Usdaw who in the past have succeeded in other business when their announced that they have reduced they employment, at this point Usdaw came in and they succeeded in making things right. They have influnced loads of employees and helped them a lot over the years. Local Community Local Community are an important part of society as well to Boots Plc. Local Community depend on Boots Plc to provide Employment around their society. Local community expects the following things from Boots Plc are: - Ø They want Boots Plc to provide employment for people living around Batley and Dewsbury Ø People living in Batley and Dewsbury wants Boots Plc to prevent environmental pollution, noise or any other problems that might affect the local community Large business like Boots Plc needs to operate within the community in Batley. Boots Plc being a large business will provide employment; minority of the money earned will be spent locally. 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An offer is clearly differentiated from invitation to treat in the case of Pharmaceutical society of Great Britain v boots 1953 where the pharmaceutical tries to sue boots for the sale of a flick knife inRead MoreMarketing Theories Applied, And Calculations Essay1630 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Theories Applied, and Calculations Return on Investment with Social Media Marketing While these mobile opportunities were enticing, Ms. Bornstein still had to make a business case to Suliteanu. It would be necessary to define key metrics to measure the success of social media, video, and mobile for 2011 and beyond, as part of her long-term strategy for Sephora’s online media spending. To measure its return on investment, Ms. Bornstein reviewed a Third Party Social Media Evaluation FrameworkRead MoreMorrisons Performance Analysis Report6345 Words   |  26 Pagesfinancial analysis of companies. 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Its main products were industrial chemicals.[6]  Benckiser went public in 1997. 1999 to present The company was formed by a merger between Britains  Reckitt amp; Colman plc  and the Dutch company  Benckiser NV  in December 1999. Bart Becht became CEO of the new company and has been credited for its transformation, focusing on core brands and improving efficiency in the supply chain. The new management team strategy of innovation

Domestic Violence, Abuse and Neglect - 2528 Words

Domestic violence is the act of being angry and taking the wrong actions about the anger. â€Å"Violence and neglect are a part of many families’ everyday lives† which should not be considered a normal thing. Physical neglect is just one portion of domestic violence. â€Å"Failure to provide food, medical care, or shelter† is described as physical neglect. â€Å"Abuse can be a whole range of physical behavior—slapping, hitting, beating, or using weapons to hurt someone. Abuse includes verbal and emotional abuse, where someone is constantly insulted [and beaten down] to feel sad and worthless.† This can also cause one to have mental issues, like depression. Is it worth it to hurt an innocent child of yours, or even someone else’s child? Domestic abuse†¦show more content†¦The abuse is a power play designed to show you ‘who is boss.’ After abusing you, your partner feels guilt, but not over what he’s done. Heâ⠂¬â„¢s more worried about the possibility of being caught and facing consequences for his abusive behavior.† The vicious cycle continues as the abuser thinks about what he has done. They will avoid blaming themselves, and continue to torture their victim by telling them it’s their entire fault. The predator will feed the victim many worthless excuses. The next step is normal behavior. â€Å"The abuser does everything he can to regain control and keep the victim in the relationship. He may act as if nothing has happened, or he may turn on the charm. This peaceful honeymoon phase may give the victim hope that the abuser has really changed this time† when they really have not. Oddly enough, â€Å"the abuser begins to fantasize about abusing [the victim] again† which explains the fantasy and planning stage. Again, the abuser does not blame themselves, but instead finds ways that the other person is at fault. He will plan out how to make their prey pay and f ollow through with their plan of abuse that is called â€Å"the set-up.† The abuser then puts the target in a situation that will â€Å"justify abusing [the victim].† An â€Å"abuser’s apologies and loving gestures in between the episodes of abuse can make it difficult to leave. He may make you believe that you are the onlyShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse And Domestic Violence Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will be addressing the correlation that is between substance abuse and domestic violence. There are many factors that play a role in why domestic violence occurs in a home; this paper will be focusing on the factor of drug abuse in particularly. Early on in the course we learned that domestic violence does not only pertain to intimate partner violence but also to child abuse, elder abuse, and any other abuse of a person that occurs with inside the home. 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There are ways to detect child abuse and how you can help these children. ChildHelp.org stated that â€Å"Every year more than 3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States.† Child abuse is a terrible epidemic that needs to be put to an endRead MoreDentists Can Have A Huge Impact On Their Community And1263 Words   |  6 Pagessystemic disease as well as signs of abuse. Intentionally inflicted trauma affects all age groups, nationalities and ethnicities. It spans from child abuse, partner violence and abuse/neglect of the elderly. As dentists it is very important to know the signs and symptoms of intentionally inflicted trauma. Domestic violence not only affects the children but the partner in a relationship as well. 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Domestic violence

Explain Why Cultural Diversity Is Important In A C Essay Example For Students

Explain Why Cultural Diversity Is Important In A C Essay ollege Education Explain Why Cultural Diversity Is Important In A C Essayollege Education I come from a small town. Hannibal, MO, the boyhood home of Mark Twain, is described its claim to fame as a sleepy town drowsing. Most surely he has never been more accurate, for this small enchanted river town has never awakened total equality. It is a town full of ignorance, where nobody has ever thought twice of sharing and spreading their sly comments and idiotic judgements to anyone and everyone who will listen, and most people do. It is a town where fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, and grandparents teach their kids to ignore those no-good niggers, stay away from those half-breeds and give hell to anyone nigger-lover who refuses to believe the truth. It sickens me. Last year, we had an issue to address at our school. It later became known as The Cowboys vs. The Blacks, and never has our school been more involved. The newspapers screamed of the hate, violence, and threat of gangs that were corrupting our schools; the halls rang with the lastest gossip on the next big showdown. This problem slapped a school full of apathetic kids into a lively bunch ready to get involved. Involved in what? A controversy that all had opinions on, but how could you not have an opinion? It was the talk at all of the dinner tables, bars, and stores in town. Kids went home scared of the racial tension. Parents whined and cried of violence in the school. The parents whined and cried, and at the same time forgot to remember that it was they, not the kids, who had taught the very prejudices that were disrupting the education process. My opinion is simple and elementary: Children are not born to hate others, they must be taught to judge colors. If we are taught prejudices, then obviously, the racial tensions at my school didnt disrupt education, rather enforced lessons often reviewed over fried chicken and potatoes. I cried once in my sophomore history class. The girl in front of me sang and preached that life was just that way, no one could ever change anything, so why should we even try? Prejudice is taught in the home, and the home is where we learn everything we really need to know. I listened, fumed, and stood up to interrupt her. (I rarely frown, let alone yell, but I had had enough of her pessimism. All eyes and ears were on me, and as my dramatic nature began to influence me, I started to preach.) I have a theory. I created it. Some say Im naive, others say Im too hopeful, but so far no one has told me to abandon it, so I cling to my idea and share it as often as the issue comes up. I have a story about my experiences. At my grandparents house, we cannot watch Cosby without hearing a racist slur from my grandfather. Great guy, but racially unfair. My dad grew up around jokes and hints about those half- breeds and such, but I did not. Enter my theory. Somewhere in my family, the racist ideas were tamed, not eliminated entirely, but curtailed in such a way that I was able to escape them. How did my father, who was conditioned at an early age to slight those of other cultures, unlearn? Two words: education and experience. My dad played football and studied with people of different ethnic backgrounds. Although he was still exposed to the beliefs at home, he was beginning to slowly form his own. Always around different cultural backgrounds, always aware and always learning that maybe what he had been earlier taught wasnt entirely true. Definition of down syndrome Essay If my dad had never studied, sweated, and sheltered others of different ethnic backgrounds, I would have grown up hearing as many sly jokes and racist comments that he did. I would not, however, repeat them to my children. Why? Because I would have played in the sandbox at kindergarten with someone not like me, cheered on a squad where not all .

Wheel of life free essay sample

Wheel of Life Life is like a wheel. Sometimes, we are in the top and sometimes if we become unfortunate, we are on the bottom. It is a never ending cycle of sorrow and Joy. I know that we all desire to be in the top of that wheel of life. But in reality, it is a wheel that will roll eventually and we all know what will be our status or feeling in this moment will change in a matter of time. But we are not sure if that change of time will bring us to the bottom of that wheel or in the top of it. We all have past, right? This past is the print of the footpath of our individual wheels of life. And for this, that footpath is the root of who and what are right now. We are the result of this footpath. The different experiences that we have encountered in our daily living are truly our own footpaths. We will write a custom essay sample on Wheel of life or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through this we have molded, have leaned and have gathered some of the understanding on the different facts of this wheel if life. Through this we become aware of our present environment. The sphere of time bounds itself in the present state. It is in our limitations as humans to act only in our resent state. It is now! At this moment of time, it is the present state. And for which we bounded on this. In every time that we do or act it is our present state. And in the relation to the wheel of life, it is the rolling itself. The movement of that wheel is our present. This will determine our future. It is our state of deciding who will and what will be in the future. This the time when the wheel of life roll whether going the bottom part of our lives or in the topmost part of it, it our decision making state. This time tight now is our present state, the state in which the things that we are doing right now will have a great effect in our wheel of life. The effect of our future will be. FUTURE according to the Encarta Dictionaries it means time that has yet to come. Do you know what will happen in your upcoming? I think nobody does. No matter how prepared are you it is still erratic. It is lopsided. But, there is a trick behind it. Even though you cant foretold your future you can still have the glance about it. It is ecause the synopsis of all what you did and what you do in the past and in the present state of life. As I had told you, the uppermost part of my article that we have this wheel of life. And this future plays an important role of it. It the result of your decision the who will and what will you become whether on the bottom of the wheel or on the uppermost of it it is still in your decision decide wisely . be aware and vigilant .. .and lastly have faith, hope and love to our Lord Jesus Christ and also to our brothers and sisters of Christ. wheel of life By michaeldeange10500

Essay Sample on the Egoistic Part of the Altruistic Whole

Essay Sample on the Egoistic Part of the Altruistic Whole The internal condition of every person is strongly influenced by the environment he/she lives in. People, events, customs, beliefs are the important factors that formulate our essence. In the modern world life is usually perceived as a battle, where everyone stands for himself, each one is individualistic, separated from another. Thus, its not surprising that we can recognize the flourishing of egoism, a feature, which is generated by this separation. On the one hand, being individualistic is quite important and even necessary. This lets a person keep ones head above water and get a steady position in life. Seeking maximum personal benefit is not so terrible, if consider that this is a primary goal of everyone, rooted deeply in history. Very often to achieve the necessary result a person must be exactly egoistic, because those around are the same and in such circumstances the best defense is attack. Besides, being self-centered does not only mean doing harm to others to achieve best for oneself. It implies strong persistence, decisiveness, and courage, seemingly, positive features. The point is how to use them and what are the fruits of such a policy? Of course, satisfaction and pride, but is there a place for self-fulfillment and self-respect? What do I want to feel afterwards and how do I want to look like? – is the question that should be asked. Many try to avoid thoughts about their act being unethical or unfair toward someone. People justify themselves with the idea that others would do the same and not care a bit, so why not doing this too? Unfortunately, this is the main pitfall, which makes us all alike. Very often we do not care about others, because think that others do not care about us – a vicious circle, created by humans. No one wants to be ignored or harmed, no one wants to hear inflicting words or be used and then thrown away. The proverb The end justifies the means is not always useful, especially, if these means bring negative consequences. Being altruistic today is difficult, but still possible. People should not forget that they live in a community, where everyone is connected, dependent on and influenced by each others decisions and deeds. A society is like a swarm of bees: every member must make his own little, but very important contribution in order for all to survive – help others to help oneself. There is one great sentence in the Bible that sounds very simply, but has a deep and beautiful nature: Treat others as you would like to be treated. The best way is to make this phrase a golden rule of ones life. I believe that every person has a positive soul, altruistic by its nature, able and willing to do a good, to bring light and joy into the world. The other part of this soul, the egoistic one, is a reflection of the environment we live in, people we see around, beliefs and attitudes. I am sure it is possible to combine altruism and egoism, so that they create one strong and fruitful whole, which allows pursuing own targets while not forgetting about the existence of other members of a society, who also have needs, wants and concerns, the whole which allows us to feel Humans. If you need custom essays, research papers, term papers, thesis, dissertation on Sociology, Psychology or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

Speech 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Speech 1 - Essay Example The liquid in our body needs to be supplied with water daily for our body to live and to function. Without water, we will be dehydrated and will surely die. We also need to drink water at least 2 liters a day for us to be healthy. Proper intake of water improves the circulation of our body making us healthy and disease free. We may be able to survive drinking less than 2 liters a day but that will affect our health and strength. Ample intake of 2 liters of water a day helps the body cleanse itself to improve its circulation and remove the toxin from our body. There are instances when we need to drink more than 2 liters of water a day. This is when we engage in physical activities especially sports. Our body needs more than 2 liters of water when we engage in sport because it uses more nutrition when it exerts effort and part of it is water. Water also keeps our body cool during strenuous exercise through perspiration to avoid it from â€Å"overheating†. Thus we have to replenish those lost waters by hydrating our body by drinking more than 2 liters of water. Water is indeed important to our body. We need to drink 2 liters of water to live and to hydrate our body that is composed of around 80 percent liquid. Water is basically essential to human life. We also need to drink 2 liters of water to keep our body strong healthy. We may survive in drinking less than 2 liters of water a day but that will severely affect our health because the body is not properly hydrated and it does not have enough liquid to keep it strong. Finally, we need to drink to drink more than 2 liters of water a day when we engage in strenuous activity particularly sports to replenish the water that was lost during the increased activity. Indeed water is indispensable to our well-being because we need to drink it in order to live and at least 2 liters of it to remain healthy and more

African American Religion Hoodoo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

African American Religion Hoodoo - Essay Example Although most of its adherents are black, contrary to popular opinion, it has always been practiced by both whites and blacks in America. Other regionally popular names for hoodoo in the black community include "con-juration," "conjure," "witchcraft," "rootwork," and "tricking." The hoodoo tradition places emphasis on personal magical power and thus it lacks strong links to any spe-cific form of theology and can be adapted to any one of several forms of outward reli-gious worship. Although an individual practitioner may take on students, hoodoo is not an obviously hierarchical system. Teachings and rituals are handed down from a one practitioner to another, but there are no priests or priestesses and no division be-tween initiates and laity (Haskins, 1978, p. 13, 124). Like the folk magic of many other cultures, hoodoo attributes magical properties to herbs, roots, minerals (especially the lodestone), animal parts, and the personal pos-sessions and bodily effluvia of people. The African origins of hoodoo can clearly be seen in such non-European magical customs as jinxing, hot footing, foot track magic, crossing, and crossroads magic, in which are embedded remnants of the folkloric be-liefs of various African tribes.

Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Narrative - Essay Example Federal agents had introduced regulations that required every constitutional district to provide a given number of men to join the federal government troops. Although we had skirmishes in other parts, the New York unrests were the most publicized due to the magnitude of the protests. The rioters were overwhelmingly working class men, angered by the selective application of the draft because wealthy men could pay a $300 communication fee to exclude them from its reach (Civil War Society). Initially, the riots stemmed from an expression of anger at the law but later degraded into virtual racial pogrom. Blacks turned out to be the fall guys and the primary target of the protesters. Immigrants and the poor were for the opinion that the freed slaves (blacks) posed a threat to the already crowded job market. The rioters considered the blacks as the cause of the civil war and those who were unfortunate to come into contact with the rioters, faced the risk of encountering a harsh beating, torture and /or death. According to the Civil War Society, group of 400 rioters cornered a black man and stoned, whipped and hanged him on a tree before setting a blaze on him. In another incident, the police intervened early enough to prevent children in an orphanage from an attack by the marauding crowd. According to the Civil War Society, the conditions in the city were disastrous such that Major General John E. Wool, proposed imposition of martial law though he did not have the power to enforce it. Having sent its militia to assist the Union troops in Pennsylvania, New York remained with the police as the only law enforcement agents. Following the unrests, Police Superintendent John Alexander Kennedy came to assess the situation while in civilian clothes. Unfortunately, the crowd noticed him and immediately attacked him living the Police Superintendent to be seriously wounded and nearly unconscious. In response to that incident, the police came angered like wounded lions, to

Transfer Pricing at Southern :: Business and Management Studies

Transfer Pricing at Southern Alternatives 1. Cost Based Transfer Price Maintain the status quo within the company. All cost methods require that standard costs be used; therefore each division is encouraged to meet standard cost levels, instead of working around actual costs. This will increase goal congruence. Currently, the price Southern is charging is based on the market but they are running under capacity and had excess inventory. Therefore, Thompson is charging market price even though he is running under capacity. If Southern’s VC = 60% then the 40% represents OH and profit. To prevent conflicts in the future it must be clear that variable costs of one division are not actually fixed costs for the whole company. Thompson’s VC = $400 some of that could be FC for the whole company. (Align this alternative with Rob’s Analysis). Advantages: increases goal congruence, requires that the vice president perform a routine cost analysis, therefore requires little resources. Southern mostly supplies Northern therefore, a market based system would be difficult due to the intermediate nature of the materials being transferred, adding attractiveness to a cost based system. Disadvantages: will be very difficult to determine what profit markup will be. Northern supplies mostly to outside companies and therefore will require additional resources in his division to price internal sales. The resources needed to work through the complexity of this system might not be justified by such a low volume. Two Step Pricing The standard VC is charged per unit sold then a periodic charge is made equal to the fixed costs associated with the facilities reserved for the buying unit. Since Thompson rarely sells to other divisions this might work because the facilities needed could easily be identified. Advantages: the buying unit would have proper information needed for marketing and long-term decisions Disadvantages: requires that FC be negotiated regularly, since Thompson rarely sells to Northern the resources needed for this negotiation might not be justified. 2. Negotiation Increase communication between divisions. Currently, Northern may not know that Thompson is paying a higher then expected price for the intermediate materials they need from Southern. If Northern was aware of the amount of upstream costs and profit involved internally, it might be encouraged to forgo its own profits for the sake of the company as a whole. Profit sharing could be introduced to motivate Northern to do this. A specified set of rules would be set up when each manager is negotiating a price. Such as if there is a match in price internally and externally, the business must be kept internally. Also if the managers cannot come to an agreement on price the outside market price will be used. If true negotiation occurred at Birch, each division manager would Transfer Pricing at Southern :: Business and Management Studies Transfer Pricing at Southern Alternatives 1. Cost Based Transfer Price Maintain the status quo within the company. All cost methods require that standard costs be used; therefore each division is encouraged to meet standard cost levels, instead of working around actual costs. This will increase goal congruence. Currently, the price Southern is charging is based on the market but they are running under capacity and had excess inventory. Therefore, Thompson is charging market price even though he is running under capacity. If Southern’s VC = 60% then the 40% represents OH and profit. To prevent conflicts in the future it must be clear that variable costs of one division are not actually fixed costs for the whole company. Thompson’s VC = $400 some of that could be FC for the whole company. (Align this alternative with Rob’s Analysis). Advantages: increases goal congruence, requires that the vice president perform a routine cost analysis, therefore requires little resources. Southern mostly supplies Northern therefore, a market based system would be difficult due to the intermediate nature of the materials being transferred, adding attractiveness to a cost based system. Disadvantages: will be very difficult to determine what profit markup will be. Northern supplies mostly to outside companies and therefore will require additional resources in his division to price internal sales. The resources needed to work through the complexity of this system might not be justified by such a low volume. Two Step Pricing The standard VC is charged per unit sold then a periodic charge is made equal to the fixed costs associated with the facilities reserved for the buying unit. Since Thompson rarely sells to other divisions this might work because the facilities needed could easily be identified. Advantages: the buying unit would have proper information needed for marketing and long-term decisions Disadvantages: requires that FC be negotiated regularly, since Thompson rarely sells to Northern the resources needed for this negotiation might not be justified. 2. Negotiation Increase communication between divisions. Currently, Northern may not know that Thompson is paying a higher then expected price for the intermediate materials they need from Southern. If Northern was aware of the amount of upstream costs and profit involved internally, it might be encouraged to forgo its own profits for the sake of the company as a whole. Profit sharing could be introduced to motivate Northern to do this. A specified set of rules would be set up when each manager is negotiating a price. Such as if there is a match in price internally and externally, the business must be kept internally. Also if the managers cannot come to an agreement on price the outside market price will be used. If true negotiation occurred at Birch, each division manager would

Outline How Material Things on City Road Favour the Activities

Material things on city road favour the activities of some groups of people over others. I have outlined three specific things on city road that I will be talking about and the different groups of people if favours over others. Firstly there is the Auto trader newsagents, it first opened its doors in the 1930's and has been a family run business since then, and there is the Taste buds cafe, which is the longest established cafe. Also the Macintosh centre.The Auto trader newsagents first opened its doors in the 1930's it is a family run business and the present owner has been working there since 1965, and before that his father ran the newsagents. The shop will favour people shopping for general every day items, also people from the local area who know its there and wanting to keep small local businesses alive. It wouldn't favour people who were on low incomes as there is a Tesco that has opened just 2 blocks away. This has not helped the business of the newsagents and has lowered the sales. 5 years ago a Spar shop opened up close to the Auto trader but that didn't make much difference to the shop. There are not many children in this area and those who do shop here don't seem to use traditional toys. (the street, 2009, scene 3 ) The ethnic minority would not be favoured with this local shop as it wouldn't sell the specific food groups that they may be looking for, also families and students who would be looking for cheaper alternative to local products.The Taste buds cafe is the longest established cafe on City road, they cater for lots of different tastes so will favour people from all different backgrounds. They specially cater for old people, they do this by keeping their prices low and creating a safe environment and providing a community centre. Making and repairing a society through creating a scene of community. (the street, 2009, scene 3 ) This would also favour families with and people in a lower income, but wouldn't favour people without a disposable i ncome as its not a nessisty.They serve Spanish, Greek, English curry's and mousaka. So this would favour people who would want to try different food groups. It favours old people who go their for the community feel, the feeling if safety and security, the elderly like come in to meet up with their friends and talk to the staff who make them feel welcome. There is also the Macintosh centre on city road, which is a locally run sports centre, it was a family home for the Richards hen the Makintoshes and was farm land before being developed into a sports centre. It is the bringing people from outside the area into City road but its making the locals feel unwelcome with its expensive look. So its not favouring the locals with the expensive look of the building outside so its creating a divide between the locals and the outside world. So from that it will favour families and children on a higher income. But wouldn't favour people of a lower income, students and people from the local area. The Macintosh centre are trying to change this perception with local advertising. On a Saturday this all changes as the mackintosh centre changes into a local farmers market, this favours locals, students and families. It also favours people looking to keep things local, fresh and additive free. I moved here a few months ago to begin my studies at Cardiff, for me it offers a way of life I want to support. ( the street, 2009, scene 7)

Interview With a Parent of a Child with Special Needs

I interviewed a woman who has a child with special needs. The child is now in kindergarten. The mother reported having a normal pregnancy with no complications. This was the second child for the mother, who has another child who was five years old at the time. The mother disclosed that during the pregnancy, she was in the process of separating from the child’s father and that this caused a moderate level of stress. At the time of the pregnancy, the mother was also working full time as a waitress in a local restaurant. The mother reported that her job required her to be on her feet for long periods of time. She was able to work until around a week before her child was born. The mother reports that the child was born around two weeks†¦show more content†¦The household is a single-family household consisting of the mother a five-year-old sibling. The mother reported because she had to work all the time different family members and friends helped to care for the child t hroughout the infancy. The mother reported that the child responded well to different people. The mother reported that being a single mother was stressful. When the child was a year, and half old, the mother placed her in family daycare center. The provider also cared for four other children between the ages of one and three. The child was in the provider’s care from the age of one and half until she was three years old. At three, she started to attend a full day preschool program. The mother reported no concerns during this period of the time and stated that her daughter was an easy child who listened. She also reported that her daughter was curious and liked to explore different things and that she especially liked playing with puzzles and books. 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